A COMPARISON

Indian introduced a new facility Online Rubber Clinic to intract the rubber cultivators with the scientists of RRII. I would like to appreciate Rubber Board for this valuable action. By receiving this information I joined this group and put my first about the remedy of  Brown bast which was my findings from experiments and experiences with the help of Dr. Thomas Varghees. However the action taken by the scientists and replied to the subject without the facility of interaction or to add any quiery.

The following is the scientific explanation from the Scientists of RRII.

Causative Agent:
It is generally presumed that tapping panel dryness (TPD) is, by and large, a physiological disorder resulting from tapping induced abiotic stress to Hevea trees. In the light of recent reports, involvement of pathogens in some types of TPD seems to be a possibility, although results are far from being conclusive. Detection of pathogens using R-PAGE( Return Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophorosis) has shown the association of LMW RNA similar to viroid in TPD affected trees and its role in causing TPD is being studied. It is likely that various causes including both physiological and pathological may be responsible for TPD. But very little is known about the mechanism that triggers partial to complete inhibition of synthesis of rubber and latex in the affected tissues.
The general contention is that when the capacity of a tree to regenerate the latex harvested through tapping becomes inadequate, the tree succumbs to TPD. This is largely based on the common observation that overexploitation of the trees either due to frequent tapping and/or chemical stimulation leads to increased incidence of TPD. Investigations do not indicate that a deficient supply of carbon source for rubber biosynthesis was a limiting factor in TPD affected trees, because key intermediates of the rubber formation were found in large concentrations in the affected trees. Therefore excess drain of photosynthates through latex may not be the primary cause for TPD. The metabolic conversion of the precursors to the formation of rubber molecules is inhibited due to unknown reasons in TPD affected trees. Carbohydrates are known to accumulate in the latex even before the trees show symptoms of TPD indicating that inadequate availability of carbon was not the primary cause for TPD.
Several evidence suggested a relation between TPD and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been known to alter the normal metabolic pathways in a healthy tree by triggering a series of degenerative processes and may lower the respiratory activity and the energy status in the tissues. Conversion of intermediary metabolites to rubber is an energy consuming process and therefore this must be very sensitive to oxidative stress. Under oxidative stress, plants generally increases the production of free radical scavenging enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase etc. and secondary metabolites like phenols melondialdehyde etc. In TPD trees these biomolecules were found in higher concentrations compared to normal trees. High peroxidases activity in TPD trees are capable of involvement directly or indirectly with several biological reactions including the regulation of plant growth regulators such as cytokinin, IAA, ethylene etc. Cytokinins are an essential group of plant growth regulators which mainly maintain the juvenility and retard senescence. Therefore maintenance of high content of cytokinins are very essential for an active metabolic functions of the rubber tree tissue including active rubber biosynthesis. Investigations showed that the reduced content of a certain group of cytokinin in the bark tissue was related to TPD which fully inhibited the rubber biosynthesis. Similarly, the cytokinin content had an inverse relationship with peroxidase enzyme activity and phenol content. The rubber molecule formation requires three distinct biochemical process such as initiation, elongation and termination. The hydrophobic rubber molecule is packed inside a rubber particle and the polymerization reaction is taking place at the particle surface with the help of an enzyme rubber transferase, which is bound to the rubber particle. The particle size analysis in the latex showed differences related to TPD incidence in the rubber particles produced. The rubber particles, on an average become comparatively smaller towards the later stages of TPD. Analysis in the rubber transferase activity showed an inverse relation with the rubber particle size. Therefore in the TPD samples, the variation in the particle size can be directly related to the chain elongation processes which appears to be interrupted due to the relatively low availability of its immediate substrate in TPD trees. The latex sample of ethylene stimulated trees also showed similar changes in the particle size distribution which closely resemble the particle size of TPD trees.
It is important to investigate the exact molecular level mechanism by which the rubber biosynthesis is inhibited during TPD and the biochemical modulations occurring, if any, at the initiation, elongation and termination processes of rubber biosynthesis during the onset of TPD. Study of the energy metabolism in relation to the impaired rubber biosynthesis in the laticiferous tissues of TPD trees may help to identify whether there exist any limiting steps involved in the energy utilization processes and the modulations occurring due to the action of growth regulators. This understanding is crucial to any attempts to overcome the disorder using any molecular biology techniques. Studies were also initiated to understand the effect of rootstock on TPD and examined if bud grafting from a TPD-affected tree increases the chances of TPD. It was noted that the genetic distance between rootstock and scion tissues was greater in TPD affected than the healthy trees. Investigations were shown that once a tree had shown TPD symptom in one tapping panel, it might easily develop this disorder in another panel. The reoccurrence of TPD in another panel of the tree indicates that TPD incidence is not a local phenomenon in the tree bark. This suggests either the involvement of a pathogen or the intrinsic susceptibility of the tree to the physiological disorder with out any involvement of a pathogen. The randomness in the occurrence of TPD and the obvious failure to transmit the syndrome through grafting TPD affected bark on healthy trees and vice versa suggest the involvement of intrinsic factors rather than any pathogen. However, likely intrinsic differences in the ethylene production capacity or tissue sensitivity to ethylene between different trees within a clone could explain the random nature of TPD occurrence.
Through RAPD analysis, it was shown that the genetic distance between the rootstock tissues ranged from 7-39 % because of their heterogeneousness. Our results indicate that the genetic distance between rootstock and scion tissues was greater in TPD affected than in healthy trees. Investigations are on to find if a greater genetic distance between the root stock and scion is causing any kind of genetic conflict between them resulting in any subtle, but specific expressions in the scion. The latex diagnosis (LD) can be used as a tool to predict overexploitation of the tree through over stimulation which may lead to TPD.  Biochemical studies indicated that the concentrations of sucrose and Pi in the latex become higher in trees 15 to 45 days before the onset of TPD.  Similarly, several investigations have pointed out that many types of proteins including heat stable proteins and LEA proteins are linked to TPD and all these are being used as putative protein markers for TPD/biotic stress in Hevea.

Occurrence:
Generally high yielding clones of natural rubber are often considered susceptible to the physiological disorder commonly termed Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) earlier referred to as Brown Bast. It usually occurs when the harvesting of latex from the trees exceeds the physiological capacity of its regeneration. It is estimated that TPD leads to approximately 15-20% decrease in yield

Symptoms:
The common symptoms of TPD include an excessive late dripping of latex simultaneous with a drop in the dry rubber content of the latex in the initial phase and high DRC in the later stage.  Total inhibition of rubber biosynthesis occurs and no latex is produced towards the final phase. The most inportant symptom of TPD affected trees is partial or total drying of tapping panel which gives the name to the disorder.Besides cessation of latex flow, terminal symptoms like bulging, necrosis and cracking of the bark have been observed. Some clone specific TPD symptoms characterised by sloughing in PB 28/59 and scaling observed in clone RRIM 605 are also noticed. The symptoms are observed also on the root stock and root. In most of the partially affected trees, dry portion is confined only to the roots below the dry portion in the scion.

Clonal Susceptibility:  Control Measures: Management Practice to TPD
Giving tapping rest and changing the tapping panel are the generally followed plantation practices to mange TPD in rubber.   Tapping rest does result in some improvement in the TPD situation at least for a while and a small proportion of the TPD trees may make full recovery particularly when the trees are reopened on a new panel. It is observed that most high yielding clones are highly susceptible to the disease and hence it would be advantageous to follow 1/2 S d/3 tapping system to reduce the intensity of exploitation stress thereby reducing the TPD incidence in the population. As a curative measure, resting the trees without tapping for a considerable period is advised. Therefore, tapping can be resumed changing the tapping panel and following a low intensity tapping system.

Fasting at the Martyr’s Square, Palayam.  This is the main event organised jointly by various organisations from all districts under the banner of the Kerala Agriculture-Environmental Collective.  Important personalities including the Minister for Agriculture, Sri Mullakara Rathnakaran, Other Ministers, Poetess and Environmentalist Sugathakumari, Chairman, KSBB, Dr V S Vijayan, Prominent film personalities, writers, poets, social activists, scientists, farmers, environmentalists, students, consumer organisations etc will participated.
Minister calls for nation-wide struggle against GM crops

PROTEST: A hunger strike observed by the Kerala Agriculture-Environment Collective before the Martyrs’ Column in Thiruvananthapuram on Saturday as part of a nation-wide agitation against the government move to permit commercial cultivation of Bt brinjal.

Thiruvananthapuram: Minister for Agriculture Mullakkara Ratnakaran has called for a nation-wide consensus in the struggle against genetically modified crops in India.

Addressing a day-long hunger strike organised by the Kerala Agricultural and Environment Collective before the Martyrs’ Column here to protest against the move by the government of India to permit commercial cultivation of Bt.Brinjal, he said the introduction of GM crops would affect the food sovereignty of the country.

“India does not need GM crops to achieve food security; we only have to ensure that our farmland and farmers are protected,” he said. Millions of hectares of farmland are diverted for other purposes.

Reversing the trend is crucial in the drive for food security, GM crops are not.” The Minister said GM crops would lead to the loss of seed sovereignty.

“Driven by profit motives, global corporates are out to make India a laboratory for GM crops with little regard for health hazards. Protecting farmland and encouraging farmers is the only solution to this problem,” he added.

Poet and activist Sugathakumari, poet O.N.V Kurup and chairman of the Kerala State Biodiversity Board V.S. Vijayan spoke.

The hunger strike was organised as part of a nation-wide agitation against Bt.Brinjal.

The All India Kisan Sabha, DYFI, Sakhi, Thanal, Mahila Samakhya Society, Organic Farmers’ Committee, Ore Bhoomi Ore Jeevan, Gandhi Smaraka Nidhi, Abhaya, AIYF, Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad, Kerala Sthree Vedi, Kerala Swathantra Matsya Thozhilali Federation, Solidarity Youth Movement, All India Solidarity Peace Council, People’s Union for Civil Liberties, Chilla, Zero Waste Centre, Progressive Forum, SUCI, and the Thiruvananthapuram Jilla Upabhoktru Samithi took part in the hunger strike

Courtesy – The Hindu

Hundreds stage fast against Bt Brinjal

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: ”In Japan, there was a move by the government to import genetically modified soyabean. The people strongly objected  to it and the government had to give up the move,’’ said Katsuko Nakano, an artist from Japan, who was seen at the venue of the one-day fast staged here on Saturday to stop introduction of Bt Brinjal and to protect the food sovereignty of the country.With a black scarf around her head and a pink umbrella that she shared with social scientist Saradha Mani, Katsuko Nakano could not stop herself from attending the protest, after she heard about it from a friend. Neither could film actor Rohini, who joined in a little late. “I could not become part of it in Tamil Nadu, so I thought I will do it here,’’ she said.Rohini, incidentally, along with Revathy has just finished a film on the issue called `Kathirikkai’.  The film, intended to create an awareness on the ill-effects of the toxic brinjal, was released a couple of days ago in Tamil Nadu.It was indeed quite an interesting mix of people from various walks of life at the Martyr’s Square where Agriculture Minister Mullakkara Ratnakaran inaugurated the fast a little way behind schedule. Mullakkara, obviously happy that Kerala is taking a lead in the campaign against GM crops, said that many other states would soon follow suit in banning GM crops.  The function was graced by the presence of poets ONV Kurup and Sugathakumari and Biodiversity Board chairman Dr V.S. Vijayan.Mararikulam panchayat president Priyesh Kumar joined in the fast here, as he could not be in Alappuzha. Many of the protestors wore a badge which read `I am on a fast’ and a chain of brinjals around their necks. Even the incense sticks, in front of Mahatma Gandhi’s picture, were stuck on plump green brinjals. An interesting poster at the venue read: “Genetically modified food are likely to be on your plate soon – 100 percent side-effects guaranteed.’’  Farmers, government officials, senior citizens, teachers, artists and a few students took part in the satyagraha, unmindful of the blistering sun. In the evening, MBS choir gave a performance which was followed by a candle-light oath-taking to protect India’s food sovereignty. The various organisations which took part in the protest include the All-India Kisan Sabha, AIYF, Gandhi Smaraka Nidhi, Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad, Kerala Swathanthra Matsya Thozhilali Federation, Jaiva Karshaka Samithi, AIPSO, Progressive Forum, PUCL, KSSF, Swadeshi Jagran Manch, Solidarity Students Movement, Thanal, Abhaya, SEWA., SAKHI, OEOL, Kerala Mahila Samakhya Society, Kerala Sthree Vedi, Zero Waste Centre and Chilla.

Courtesy – Expressbuzz

Everything You HAVE TO KNOW about Dangerous Genetically Modified Foods from Jeffrey Smith on Vimeo.

Genetically modified seeds will gradually dominate our farm fields. Thats what the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee is trying to do. We don’t need such a committee. ‘G.E.A.C quit India’ – that is the only thing an earth loving farmer can say. Through genetic engineering, if the plant tissues are made poisonous to scare pests, it is not hard to predict, in what way that poison will affect humans and animals. We had to wait many years before identifying that the first green revolution gifted us only with reduced soil quality and deceases. GM seeds are getting prepared to become more disastrous than that, by terminating the traditional seed varieties.Now dairy farmers cannot whole heartedly feed cattle with cottonseed meal. Only time will prove that oil made from genetically modified cottonseed will only be harmful to us. Despite having precious medicinal qualities,edible oils like coconut oil, being outperformed by other edible oils, and are taking over our kitchens.

The goal, if on the other hand, is to reduce food scarcity, isn’t it better to genetically modify humans? It is better to reduce the size of the stomach, hunger and quantity of food intake. Is this the only way the U.S can recover from the Recession, by selling medicines for deceases caused by using GM food? If Genetic Engineering were to increase the biodiversity by ensuring the nutrient balance of the soil, we would have welcomed it with big hands. All that Kerala and India earned from Ayurveda till date, will be destroyed from the entry of GM crops. Our water resources are already polluted and dying. The B.T. crops will add further more havoc  to their future.

Picture Courtesy: The Hindu

In this audio in Malayalam  Jt. Rubber Production Commissioner Venugopal announces in front of the Scientists of RRII at Kottarakara 0n 4-12-09 that brown bast is not a disease.

PHLOEM NECROSIS (BROWN BAST DISEASE) IN HEVEA BRASILIENSIS – The disease known as brown bast is prevalent in all tropical Countries whre hevea brasiliensis is grown on a large scale for commercial purposes, especially in plantations where tapping is in progress and it is regarded at the present time at the most serious malady to which the para rubber tree is liable………… See the image of first page

By a search on Google we can get more informations on brown bast.

I will update  more about brown bast OR Phloem Necrosis OR Bark Necrosis to prove that this is a disease  on this post.

• Causes of rubber tree bark necrosis identified

• Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) trunk phloem necrosis: aetiological investigations failed to confirm any biotic causal agent

I am thankful to this retired professor Dr. Thomas Varghees of soil science from Kerala Agricultural University for the complete remedy of “Brown bast” Disease.The guidance of Dr. Thomas Varghees helped a farmer to prove the solution of brown bast through his experiences and experiments which is not find out by any of the scientists in the World. This scientist recommended the importance of organic matter to maintain the soil live. This finding is pointing out the need for participatory inventions through the co-opertion of scientistis and farmers. The disease is not detectable because the first cells to undergo necrosis are located in internal tissues of the bark. Dr. Thomas varghees’s right hand points the level of bark island ring around the tree (insted of bark island) which is an indication of the begining of phloem necrosis. The physiological disorder is due to the deficiancy of nutrients/trace elements.

The picture at right hand side is regarding a rubber tree which is treated for Brownbast/TPD OR phloem necrosis. This tree was afected approx 10 years ago. I tried ‘cut ‘ (Controlled upward tapping) on it and applied diluted ethephon to regulate the flow from top to bottom (actually flow of latex is bottom to top above phloem. Phloem carries carbohydrates from leaves to the roots to grow) which cause complete dryness on Bark. On upper bark, approx 10 ft hight, tapped with the help of ladder which gave me good yield. Lot of time is wasted in this process. I applied magnesium sulphate to soil with bio gas slery. I saw a visible change in the bark colour to greenish by a scratch, but no milk vessels formed which was dry up to Cambium. Then I applied slery with 10 grams of Borax on dried part of the stem didn’t saw a visible change. By depthening the mark at the end of tapping pannel (pinkaana) latex flow was in the upper portion and not available from 5 ft hight to bottom. Last year I applied 10 grams of borax with 30 litres of bio gas slery on soil around the tree and again marked the pinkaana with to see progress of the availability of latex vessels up to 3 ft hight after three months. This year (on last week) I started tapping and getting an average yield with minimum coagulants, which means driping for 4 hrs. Thus the Tapping interval increased according to dripping. I have to bring the required coagulants to drip below three hrs. By mistake an alternative day on tapping I got 1000 ml latex on a single day and driping up to 8 hours which was harmful to the tree. Thus taping rest for 8 days required to the tree to survive.

From my experiences by the application of Ethephon (Stimulant) on 334 rubber trees 65 of them caused brown bast.  After two years of low frequency tapping effects of brown bast increased.  Now Indian Rubber Board published and article in Malayalam on “Ethephon application on rubber trees – apprehension baseless” which is harmful to rubber trees. The brown bast affected trees are with live bark with out carbo hydrates in phloem or milk vessels. After the application of 10 grams of BORAX milk vessels formed on brownbast  affected trees after one year. On punches on pinkaana I saw the availability of latex up to the bottom level which is shown at the right hand side:

In conclusion I have to state that Brown bast is a disease which can be treated with required input of specific micro nutrients.

An imges of a book on the roll secondary nutrients and trace elements. There can be no doubt that a deficiency of boron causes more loss of yield and growth inhibition than a deficiency of any other trace element. To read more >>>>

Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid. It is usually a white powder consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve easily in water.

In agriculture it can be used as a fertilizer to correct boron-poor soils; however, it is required in small amounts. Excess can cause injury to plants.

Ref:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax

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Prof Ronald J.Herring of Cornell University delivering the keynote address at a workshop on Modern Biotechnology in Indian Agriculture in Thiruvananthapuram on Monday.

The widespread adoption of Bt cotton in India illustrates why and how evasion of both bio-property and bio-safety regimes is pervasive globally, said Prof Ronald J. Herring, Cornell University.

A Professor of Government and Director of the Einaudi Center for International Studies at Cornell University, Prof Herring made this observation in a paper being presented at the ongoing two-day workshop on ‘Modern biotechnology in Indian agriculture’ here.

The workshop is being organised by the All-India Crop Biotechnology Association (AICBA) in association with Environment Resource Research Centre (ERRC), Thiruvananthapuram, and Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and Education (FBAE), Bangalore.

GLOBAL RIFT

The primal global rift around genetic engineering is between agricultural crops and all other uses – such as pharmaceuticals and medicine, Prof Herring says.

Agricultural crops alone have been segregated into an object of politics and governance termed ‘GMOs’ (Genetically Modified Organisms).

This framing is ensconced in contentious politics, law and trade, whether or not the cultivars are used in food.

A second, and logically derivative, global rift divides rival advocacy networks supporting and opposing GMOs – that is, agricultural biotechnology.

This rift is politically charged and administratively consequential. It hinges on two inter-related dimensions: bio-property and bio-safety. Global opposition forms around critiques of genetically engineered crops on both dimensions.

New claims of intellectual property in seeds enabled by the genomics revolution in biology created conflicts over what can be owned, by whom, under what conditions, and in which nation.

Claims of novelty by firms seeking intellectual property reinforce a further aspect of contention: if novel, might products of genetic engineering raise special risks in comparison with cultivars bred by different techniques?

UNIQUELY RISKY

Transnational advocacy politics succeeded in framing ‘GMOs’ as uniquely risky plants, with corresponding global soft law for special regulation, observes Prof Herring.

Farmers have responded to restrictions of both regulation and property claims with stealth strategies.

Such grassroots challenges to formal institutions embarrass both sides of the global rift; neither bio-property nor bio-regulations prove so robust as antagonists in advocacy networks contend.

The Indian experience also uncovers a fundamental contradiction in mobilisation to halt diffusion of biotechnology in agriculture.

Successful demands for stronger regulation of transgenics strengthen property-like rights of multinational firms that find it difficult to enforce their property claims in any other way.

Bio-safety regulation can then function as a substitute for bio-property, producing an ironic and contradictory result for successful mobilisation against genetic engineering in agriculture, Prof Herring said.

The two-day event will discuss the challenges, solutions – need for biotech vegetables and food crops, and how new technologies can enhance the role of agriculture in Indian economy.

Courtesy : The Hindu

Detais of My production, Sale and Stock in hand.

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Explanation: For the purpose of this section,-

a) the word “dishonestly” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 24 of the

Indian Penal Code;

b) the word “fraudulently” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 25 of

the Indian Penal Code.

66 A Punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service, etc

Any person who sends, by means of a computer resource or a communication device,-

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(a) “transmit” means to electronically send a visual image with the intent that it be viewed by a person or persons;

(b) “capture”, with respect to an image, means to videotape, photograph, film or record by any means;

(c) “private area” means the naked or undergarment clad genitals, pubic area, buttocks or female breast;

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(1) Whoever,-

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(4) The subscriber or intermediary or any person who fails to assist the agency referred to in sub-section (3) shall be punished with an imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.

Sec 69 A Power to issue directions for blocking for public access of any information through any computer resource

(1) Where the Central Government or any of its officer specially authorized by it in this behalf is satisfied that it is necessary or expedient so to do in the interest of sovereignty and integrity of India, defense of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign states or public order or for preventing incitement to the commission of any cognizable offence relating to above, it may subject to the provisions of sub-sections (2) for reasons to be recorded in writing, by order direct any agency of the Government or intermediary to block access by the public or cause to be blocked for access by public any information generated, transmitted, received, stored or hosted in any computer resource.

(2) The procedure and safeguards subject to which such blocking for access by the public may be carried out shall be such as may be prescribed.

(3) The intermediary who fails to comply with the direction issued under sub- section (1) shall be punished with an imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years and also be liable to fine.

Sec 69B Power to authorize to monitor and collect traffic data or information through any computer resource for Cyber Security

(1) The Central Government may, to enhance Cyber Security and for identification, analysis and prevention of any intrusion or spread of computer contaminant in the country, by notification in the official Gazette, authorize any agency of the Government to monitor and collect traffic data or information generated, transmitted, received or stored in any computer resource.

(2) The Intermediary or any person in-charge of the Computer resource shall when called upon by the agency which has been authorized under sub-section (1), provide technical assistance and extend all facilities to such agency to enable online access or to secure and provide online access to the computer resource generating , transmitting, receiving or storing such traffic data or information.

(3) The procedure and safeguards for monitoring and collecting traffic data or information, shall be such as may be prescribed.

(4) Any intermediary who intentionally or knowingly contravenes the provisions of sub-section (2) shall be punished with an imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation: For the purposes of this section,

(i) “Computer Contaminant” shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 43

(ii) “traffic data” means any data identifying or purporting to identify any person, computer system or computer network or location to or from which the communication is or may be transmitted and includes communications origin, destination, route, time, date, size, duration or type of underlying service or any other information.

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